新課教育合作學(xué)校
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What is Language Learning?
什么是語言學(xué)習(xí)
Learning involves changes in your brain. Electrochemical changes and new connections between neurons must occur for learning to take place. Just as when you are working on your computer, if you don’t save your work it will be lost. Saving data in the brain involves changes in the brain. Some of these changes happen quickly, and some of these changes happen over a period of days or weeks.
人們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，大腦也在相應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生變化。開始新的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，神經(jīng)元之間發(fā)生電化，且相互間建立新的鏈接。就比如當(dāng)你使用電腦時(shí)，如果你不保存的話，信息就會(huì)丟失一樣，大腦里存儲(chǔ)信息時(shí)就會(huì)涉及到大腦里的眾多變化。有些信息變化的非常快，而有些需要幾天或幾個(gè)星期。對(duì)于語言的掌握需要持續(xù)性高頻度的重復(fù)聽說練習(xí)才能夠讓這種大腦中的神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)變得牢固，存儲(chǔ)的信息才不會(huì)丟失。
Language Learning is Skill Development
語言學(xué)習(xí)其實(shí)是一項(xiàng)技能的掌握
Learning a language is like learning how to play a musical instrument. Frequent and effective practice is the key. The skills of listening and speaking, in particular, require speed. When you listen or speak, you have very little time to process the language, much less time than when you read a text. There is no time to ‘remember’ a word or rule. It must be automatic. To develop this automatic ability, practice and repetition are essential, and without using text as a support.
學(xué)習(xí)一門新的語言好似如何學(xué)習(xí)一種樂器。有頻率、有效率的練習(xí)是其中的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)于聽說技能，尤其需要流利度。當(dāng)你聽或說時(shí)，你幾乎沒有時(shí)間去思考使用一門語言，這時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比你閱讀文字時(shí)的時(shí)間短的多。壓根沒有時(shí)間去回想單詞或者語法規(guī)則。這一系列聽說過程，一定是本能發(fā)生的。為了培養(yǎng)這種如本能般的能力（潛意識(shí)的能力）不借助任何文字，重復(fù)性地練習(xí)是非常重要的。
What is Memory?
記憶是什么
There are different types of memory. Some things you remember just long enough to accomplish a short-term task, such as repeating a list of words or sentences, and then it is forgotten. Many language students study vocabulary words and sentences and memorize them. However, without repeated use of the words and sentences over a period of time, this kind of learning quickly fades. Research shows that long term memory takes time to develop. Short, frequent sessions over a period of several days or weeks are the best way to study and develop your language skills. Constant review should also be part of your practice strategy. In this sense, going slow, with lots of repetition and review, is the best way to learn quickly.
記憶是分為多種類型的。對(duì)于一些短期任務(wù)練習(xí)，如重復(fù)一些詞匯或者句子，這類你需要花足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來記住的東西，是會(huì)隨之忘記的。很多語言學(xué)習(xí)者背誦詞匯和句子，如果在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)不反復(fù)使用，這種學(xué)習(xí)記憶一般很快就會(huì)褪去變得無效。研究表明，長(zhǎng)期記憶需要花很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能形成。比如在幾天或幾個(gè)星期內(nèi)，短時(shí)高頻率的練習(xí)是的記憶方式。且對(duì)于技能的掌握也是很有幫助的。持續(xù)性的復(fù)習(xí)同樣也是練習(xí)策略中很重要的一個(gè)部分。因此從這個(gè)意義上來講，適當(dāng)?shù)胤怕龑W(xué)習(xí)速度，同時(shí)增加重復(fù)和復(fù)習(xí)的頻率是形成長(zhǎng)效記憶的途徑。
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The Importance of Recording/Playback 錄音及回聽跟讀的重要性（跟讀模仿、錄音對(duì)比）
One very important advantage of multimedia study is the possibility to activate many parts of your brain at once. A famous neuroscientist said: “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” After you have studied a lesson to the point where your comprehension is good, you should begin to practice saying each sentence.
Use the microphone to record your voice. Then compare what you said with the native speaker model. Compare your speed, stress and intonation, and pronunciation. This type of practice activates the phonological processor in your brain and helps to develop both automaticity and long-term memory. At least part of every study session should include several minutes of this very important focused practice.
使用多媒體練習(xí)的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它會(huì)盡可能一次性激發(fā)大腦的多個(gè)部分。一個(gè)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家說過：“一起被激發(fā)的神經(jīng)元，會(huì)連成一氣”。當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)過一些你已掌握的較好的語言點(diǎn)時(shí)，你應(yīng)該開始練習(xí)說出每一個(gè)句子。
用麥克風(fēng)去錄下你自己的聲音，然后與原聲作對(duì)比。對(duì)比你說話時(shí)的語速，重音，語音語調(diào)以及整體的語音感覺。這種練習(xí)的方式能夠觸發(fā)大腦中的語言處理系統(tǒng)，并幫助你形成長(zhǎng)久記憶以及下意識(shí)的自如反應(yīng)。所以每一次這種幾分鐘的非常重要的精練是必不可少的。
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The Danger of Using Text Support 借助文字練習(xí)的危害（字幕阻礙聽力和口語的發(fā)展）
Listening and reading use very different pathways in the brain. The best way to develop listening and speaking skills is to not rely on text. Using text as a support interferes with the development of listening and speaking skills, which need to be developed first. When studying a lesson, try not to use the text support until after you have developed your ability to understand and repeat the key sentences. Research indicates that using the text support too soon slows down your listening and speaking development – even though most students think that using the text is an effective way to learn. It may be comfortable, but it isn’t effective.
Studies of the brain and long-term memory formation show that repetition is very important to skill development. Listening and speaking abilities are skills, not knowledge. Skill development requires effective practice, and this practice must be done on a regular, frequent basis. To develop listening and speaking skills, you must be able to decode language automatically, without thinking or memorizing. Your brain is designed to do this, but only if you practice, practice, practice! Good luck.
聽、說與閱讀分別使用大腦里不同的路徑。依賴文字的輔助會(huì)干擾聽說能力的培養(yǎng)。研究顯示，過早使用文字功能會(huì)降低聽說能力發(fā)展的速度。它可能讓人感覺舒服，但學(xué)習(xí)效果并不好。多媒體的多渠道信息輸入方式使你有可能延遲使用文字，而先從聽和說入手。學(xué)習(xí)某一課時(shí)，要努力不使用文字支持，直到你聽懂了所有關(guān)鍵句并重復(fù)跟讀了每一個(gè)關(guān)鍵句。
對(duì)大腦和長(zhǎng)效記憶形成過程的研究顯示，重復(fù)對(duì)技能培養(yǎng)是非常重要的。聽和說都屬于技能，而并非知識(shí)，要發(fā)展聽和說的技能，你必須能夠?qū)斎氲恼Z言信息進(jìn)行自動(dòng)解碼，不是通過思考或者死記硬背。人類大腦原本就是這樣工作的，但前提是你進(jìn)行了練習(xí)，練習(xí)，再練習(xí)！
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Short, regular and frequent study sessions are most efficient 短時(shí)間、高頻度、有規(guī)律的學(xué)習(xí)
Research shows that regular, frequent study sessions reduce total learning time. Studying and reviewing parts of a lesson several times a week is more effective than studying just once or twice a week. Three 45-minute study sessions are more effective than one three-hour session. Study sessions that are too long are generally inefficient and counterproductive.
研究表明，短時(shí)間、高頻率的學(xué)習(xí)方式比長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、低頻率的學(xué)習(xí)方式更有效。定期的、反復(fù)的學(xué)習(xí)可以縮短總的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間。最理想的方式是每天都學(xué)習(xí)。
一周分幾次學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)課程內(nèi)容比一周只學(xué)習(xí)一、兩次有效得多。每次學(xué)習(xí)45分鐘，一周學(xué)習(xí)三次遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比一次學(xué)習(xí)三個(gè)小時(shí)效果好得多。通常的情況是，一次學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)會(huì)使學(xué)習(xí)效率降低，并產(chǎn)生反作用。
Language Models
語言模型
The conceptual underpinnings and grammar of English are like the trunk and branches of a tree. The vocabulary and expressions are like the leaves on the tree. As the branches are exercised, they become‘sticky’ and new vocabulary items have a place to go. Without the branches, the leaves are easily forgotten and drop away, just as a file on a computer which has a disorganized file structure can be difficult to find. Language items must be properly tagged in order to be remembered quickly. Mastering the language models in Courseware courses, along with classroom support, will support new vocabulary and lead to long-term learning at a much faster rate than traditional approaches. Memorizing lists of vocabulary words and idioms is generally an inefficient way to learn a language – though this is the traditional method that many people expect to use – and it’s one reason why learning a language takes so much time.
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Focus on trunks and branches, and the leaves will come naturally 構(gòu)筑語言框架是關(guān)鍵
在大腦中，所有的語言點(diǎn)都應(yīng)該存放在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤?，以方便快速記憶并隨時(shí)取用。如果把英語語言比喻成一棵大樹，英語的概念框架和語法結(jié)構(gòu)就像大樹的樹干和樹枝。單詞和短語則如同枝上的葉子。只有“樹干”和“樹枝”健康生長(zhǎng)，“樹葉”才能茂盛。練習(xí)會(huì)使“樹枝”變得強(qiáng)壯并有“粘著性”。這樣，新詞匯就更容易被記住。如果沒有這些枝干，再多的樹葉也會(huì)掉落下來，最終被忘掉。
掌握關(guān)鍵性的語言模式，即語言的“樹干”和“樹枝”，有助于新詞匯的掌握，而且比傳統(tǒng)方式更快遞促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)效記憶的形成。盡管很多人仍希望靠死記硬背單詞和短語來學(xué)習(xí)語言，但是這種方法的效率很低。
認(rèn)真看完的小伙伴必定有所感悟
了解記憶原理，掌握學(xué)習(xí)方法
學(xué)好英語指日可待
從今天開始
腳踏實(shí)地，堅(jiān)持到底
讓所謂的速成班，速成法都見鬼去吧！