托福寫(xiě)作十宗罪,你犯了幾條
托福寫(xiě)作十宗罪,你犯了幾條
常州托福:托福寫(xiě)作十宗罪,你犯了幾條
常州托福老師說(shuō),考場(chǎng)上的你總是手忙腳亂,本來(lái)信心滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)寫(xiě)作這次一定能上25,結(jié)果一不留神就犯下了低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤,今天我們就來(lái)說(shuō)一說(shuō)<托福寫(xiě)作十宗罪>
1、不一致
不一致(Disagreements)除了主謂不一致之外,還包括數(shù)的不一致、時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等等。
例如: Watching TV too much are bad for our eyes.
看電視太久會(huì)對(duì)我們的視力造成傷害。
剖析:不定式、v-ing形式充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。本句是典型的主謂不一致。同學(xué)們?cè)诳紙?chǎng)上難免緊張,很容易無(wú)意識(shí)地犯下這種不該犯的錯(cuò)誤。建議同學(xué)們留出10分鐘左右的時(shí)間,逐句檢查。
改為:Watching TV too much is bad for our eyes.
2、句子不完整
常州托福老師介紹,寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)有一個(gè)極大的不同之處,就是在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中,說(shuō)話(huà)人即使表達(dá)不完整,聽(tīng)者也能通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境、手勢(shì)、表情等,理解對(duì)方的意思??墒菍?xiě)作卻不同,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的不完整(Sentence Fragments)會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清,可能使讀者二丈和尚摸不著頭腦。這種情況經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生在寫(xiě)完一句句子之后,筆者又想對(duì)前面一句話(huà)添加一些補(bǔ)充時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如:There are many ways to learn English. For example by reading English novels, listening to English radio, taking courses and so on.
剖析:后半部分“For example ……and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ),不能獨(dú)立成句。
改為:There are many ways to learn English, for example by reading English novels, listening to English radio or taking courses.
常州托福
3、懸垂修飾語(yǔ)
懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。
例如:To help raise people’s living standards, basic healthcare is a necessity.
剖析:句中不定式短語(yǔ) “To help raise people’s living standards” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚。
改為:To help raise people's living standards, the government should provide basic healthcare.
4、不間斷句子
不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)指的到底是什么呢?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。
例如:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”但簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不太妥當(dāng)了。
改為:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
5、詞性誤用
詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)指的是考生在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中,不考慮單詞的詞性和詞法功能,單純地從詞義對(duì)照的角度出發(fā)來(lái)運(yùn)用單詞,從而造成病句。
例如:I against these rules because they are not so good.
剖析:本句是典型的詞性誤用,against 是一個(gè)介詞。需要與be 動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)成分。
改為: I am against these rules because they are useless.
6、指代不清
指代不清是指代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者出現(xiàn)前后代詞不一致的情況。
例如:Alice and my sister are neighbors, and she always invites her to her house.
剖析:在這句話(huà)中,讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷這兩位姑娘到底是誰(shuí)邀請(qǐng)誰(shuí)去家里做客。所以在寫(xiě)作中,我們應(yīng)該盡量避免容易引起誤解的代詞,將所指對(duì)象加以明確,方便理解。
改為:Alice and my sister are neighbors, and she always invites my sister to her house.
7、措詞問(wèn)題
造成措辭問(wèn)題的原因,往往是由于很多中國(guó)的學(xué)生習(xí)慣用中式思維造句,然后再在腦子里把中文翻譯成英文。特別是在考場(chǎng)上由于時(shí)間緊迫,學(xué)生經(jīng)常想到一個(gè)詞,拿來(lái)就用,完全不考慮措辭的搭配是否合理。另外,很多學(xué)生喜歡在考前背老師給的,或者是網(wǎng)上自己找的模板,這些模板良莠不齊,很容易對(duì)學(xué)生造成誤導(dǎo)。正確的做法應(yīng)該是在平時(shí)養(yǎng)成查英英字典的好習(xí)慣,同時(shí)多積累一些地道的表達(dá)。
例如:Therefore, teenagers are more likely to make a crime in this sophisticated society.
剖析:這句話(huà)中“make a crime”就是典型的措辭誤用,“犯罪“的地道表達(dá)應(yīng)該是”commit a crime”。 其次,很多同學(xué)喜歡寫(xiě)一些看上去很長(zhǎng),拼寫(xiě)很復(fù)雜,不明覺(jué)厲的詞,例如這句話(huà)中的“sophisticated”,以為會(huì)讓考官眼前一亮,但英文中實(shí)際不存在這種搭配,復(fù)雜的社會(huì)用“in this complicated society”比較合適。
改為:Therefore, teenagers are more likely to commit crimes in this complicated society.
8、累贅
言簡(jiǎn)意賅其實(shí)也是一種能力。句子短小精悍,實(shí)際上比為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)而寫(xiě)出不必要的長(zhǎng)句要有用得多。因此我們的原則是:能用單詞的就不用詞組,能用詞組的就不用從句。
例如: Considering the fact that the problem is very complex,the government needs to take more targeted measures.
剖析:本句的“the fact that the problem is very complex”系同謂語(yǔ)從句,按照上述的原則,我們可以用詞組來(lái)替換這個(gè)從句。
改為:Considering the complexity of problem,the government needs to take more targeted measures.
9、不連貫
不連貫主要指的是兩個(gè)句子缺乏邏輯上的聯(lián)系,前文不搭后語(yǔ),或者連接詞使用的不準(zhǔn)確。這也是考生最常犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。所以在練習(xí)寫(xiě)作時(shí),必須要有意識(shí)地加強(qiáng)句子之間的邏輯。
例如:Home-working enables employees to make a better balance between career and family. Working at home can free people from the sudden changes of weather.
剖析:乍一看,這兩句句子表達(dá)清晰,用詞正確,好像沒(méi)有什么錯(cuò)誤,但卻忽略了兩句句子之間的聯(lián)系。兩句話(huà)都是描述在家工作的優(yōu)點(diǎn),我們可以用“what’s more”、”in addition”等詞來(lái)表達(dá)一種遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,這樣就使文章的層次更豐富。
改為:Home-working enables employees to make a better balance between career and family. In addition, working at home can free people from the sudden changes of weather.
10、修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位
英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同,同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了不必要的誤解。
例如:The refrigerator was sold to us by a salesman with a money-back guarantee.
剖析:本句中究竟是salesman有money-back guarantee,還是冰箱有?雖然也許能根據(jù)句意推斷出是冰箱有退款,但是這里的修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位還是給讀者帶來(lái)了不小的困擾。
改為:The refrigerator with a money-back guarantee was sold to us by a salesman.
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